Part Six Chapter I

Shortcomings of Voluntary Bodies 22.23 †¦ The principle shortcomings of such bodies are that they are difficult to dispatch, subject to break down †¦ Charles Arnold-Baker Neighborhood Council Administration, Seventh Edition I Many, ordinarily had Colin Wall envisioned the police going to his entryway. They showed up, finally, at nightfall on Sunday evening: a lady and a man, not to capture Colin, however to search for his child. A lethal mishap and ‘Stuart, is it?' was an observer. ‘Is he at home?' ‘No,' said Tessa, ‘oh, dear God †¦ Robbie Weedon †¦ however he lives in the Fields †¦ what was he doing here?' The cop clarified, generous, what they accepted to have occurred. ‘The youngsters took their eye off him' was the expression she utilized. Tessa figured she may swoon. ‘You don't have a clue where Stuart is?' asked the police officer. ‘No,' said Colin, skinny and shadow-looked at. ‘Where would he say he was most recently seen?' ‘When our partner pulled up, Stuart appears to have, ah, flee.' ‘Oh, dear God,' said Tessa once more. ‘He's not replying,' said Colin tranquilly; he had just dialed Fats on his portable. ‘We'll need to proceed to search for him.' Colin had practiced for disaster for his entire life. He was prepared. He brought down his jacket. ‘I'll attempt Arf,' said Tessa, racing to the phone. Secluded over the little town, no updates on the catastrophes had at this point arrived at Hilltop House. Andrew's versatile rang in the kitchen. †Lo,' he stated, his mouth loaded with toast. ‘Andy, it's Tessa Wall. Is Stu with you?' ‘No,' he said. ‘Sorry.' However, he was not in the least grieved that Fats was not with him. ‘Something's occurred, Andy. Stu was down at the stream with Krystal Weedon, and she had her younger sibling with her, and the kid's suffocated. Stu's run †run off some place. Would you be able to figure where he may be?' ‘No,' said Andrew consequently, on the grounds that that was his and Fats' code. Never tell the guardians. However, the loathsomeness of what she had quite recently let him know crawled through the telephone like a damp haze. Everything was out of nowhere less clear, less certain. She was going to hang up. ‘Wait, Mrs Wall,' he said. ‘I may know †¦ there's a spot somewhere near the waterway †¦' ‘I don't think he'd go close to the waterway presently,' said Tessa. Seconds flicked by, and Andrew was increasingly more persuaded that Fats was in the Cubby Hole. ‘It's the main spot I can consider,' he said. ‘Tell me where †‘ ‘I'd need to show you.' ‘I'll be there in a short time,' she yelled. Colin was at that point watching the boulevards of Pagford by walking. Tessa drove the Nissan up the winding slope street, and discovered Andrew hanging tight for her on the corner, where he as a rule got the transport. He guided her down through the town. The road lights were weak by dusk. They stopped by the trees where Andrew for the most part tossed down Simon's dashing bicycle. Tessa escaped the vehicle and followed Andrew to the edge of the water, perplexed and terrified. ‘He's not here,' she said. ‘It's along there,' said Andrew, pointing at the sheer dull face of Pargetter Hill, getting straight down to the waterway with scarcely a lip of bank before the surging water. ‘What do you mean?' asked Tessa, frightened. Andrew had known from the main that she would not have the option to accompany him, short and dumpy as she might have been. ‘I'll take a quick trip and see,' he said. ‘If you hold up here.' ‘But it's excessively hazardous!' she cried over the thunder of the ground-breaking waterway. Overlooking her, he went after the recognizable hand and dependable balance. As he crept away along the little edge, a similar idea came to them two; that Fats may have fallen, or bounced, into the waterway roaring so near Andrew's feet. Tessa stayed at the water's edge until she was unable to make Andrew out any more, at that point dismissed, doing whatever it takes not to cry on the off chance that Stuart was there, and she expected to converse with him serenely. Just because, she pondered where Krystal was. The police had not stated, and her dread for Fats had decimated each other concern †¦ Please God, let me discover Stuart, she supplicated. Let me discover Stuart, if it's not too much trouble God. At that point she pulled her portable from her cardigan pocket and called Kay Bawden. ‘I don't realize whether you've heard,' she yelled, over the surging water, and she disclosed to Kay the story. ‘But I'm not her social specialist any more,' said Kay. Twenty feet away, Andrew had arrived at the Cubby Hole. It was completely dark; he had never been here this late. He swung himself inside. ‘Fats?' He heard something move at the rear of the opening. ‘Fats? You there?' ‘Got a light, Arf?' said an unrecognizable voice. ‘I dropped my bleeding matches.' Andrew thought of yelling out to Tessa, however she didn't have the foggiest idea to what extent it took to arrive at the Cubby Hole. She could hold up a couple of more minutes. He disregarded his lighter. By its gleaming fire, Andrew saw that his companion's appearance was nearly as changed as his voice. Fats' eyes were swollen; his entire face looked puffy. The fire went out. Fats' cigarette tip shined brilliant in the obscurity. ‘Is he dead? Her sibling?' Andrew had not understood that Fats didn't have a clue. ‘Yeah,' he stated, and afterward he included, ‘I think so. That is the thing that I †what I heard.' There was a quietness, and afterward a delicate, piglet-like screech contacted him through the dimness. ‘Mrs Wall,' hollered Andrew, staying his head out of the gap the extent that it would go, with the goal that he was unable to hear Fats' wails over the sound of the stream. ‘Mrs Wall, he's here!'

Richard Iii Summary Essay Example

Richard Iii Summary Essay Richard III Shakespeare effectively depicts (his motivation corresponding to the qualities and desires for the Elizabethan setting) through stage play strategies, for example, utilization of monologue, emotional incongruity, and cleverness. He additionally utilizes language strategies, for example, visual symbolism and sound symbolism all through his play to investigate the detestable job and character of Richard which prompts the advancement of the key topics in his play, Richard III. The main talk educates the crowd regarding Richard’s internal considerations while additionally building up his character, dull thought processes, and his goal in the play. The initial proclamation, â€Å"Now is the winter of our discontent†, alludes to Richard’s despondency because of the war finishing and the harmony that replaces the sentiment of villainy. This quickly educates the crowd regarding Richard’s dull character and the villainy inside him. His villainy and evilness is fortified in â€Å"Our harsh alarums changed to joyful gatherings, Our loathsome walks to brilliant measures†, accentuating that he doesn't need harmony or to share cheerful occasions, however rather flourishes with disorder and brutality. We likewise learn of Richard’s emotions towards his appearance in his first speech, the descriptors utilized by Shakespeare depict Richard’s physical deformities, â€Å"Deformed, incomplete, sent before my time†. This announcement uncovers his feeling of self ugliness which is strengthened in â€Å"That hounds bark at me as I end by them, indicating that his appearance can even alarm creatures. His abhorrent and manipulative conduct is demonstrated again when he intends to set his siblings Clarence and King Edward against one another. This advises the crowd regarding his elevated level of vainglory and that he will consistently put himself in front of his family to get the crown, this is likewise demonstrated as he is intending to end the lives of Edwards beneficiaries in penance for the crown to himself. We will compose a custom paper test on Richard Iii Summary explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Richard Iii Summary explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Richard Iii Summary explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer

Sunsets

Sunsets The sun always seems to hover near eye level. It gets a bit depressing if you always think of it as the sun is setting. Last week was Week 5 of Michaelmas term at Cambridge. Week 5 at MIT means Fifth week flags for Freshmen, Add date deadline, and the end of the first wave of tests. Week 5 at Cambridge, however, means the term is more than halfway over, youve gotten more work than you know what to do with, and a general feeling of panic. I, myself, only got about 5-6 hours of sleep each day last week. This is non-trivial because I like to, and usually do, get about 8-9 hours of sleep every night, even at MIT. But youre probably wondering why I have so much work when there are no tests until April/May and none of what Im doing right now counts? Well, for engineering students (and most science students, I think), we have labs and practicals where we have to 1) participate and 2) write up a lab report. Each lab usually takes around 4 hours and a couple of hours to write up. Depending on your subject and which year youre in, you can have anywhere from no labs to 1-2 labs every week. I believe humanities majors have readings and essays that are equally time consuming. Besides labs, you also get 3-4 example papers per class that are like problem sets. Youre expected to work through them and then discuss them with your supervisor. At Cambridge, you get a supervisor for every class. You usually share this person with 1-2 other students and he/she is usually a grad student or professor who is your point of contact for anything that you dont understand in that class. For 3rd year engineering students, there are only 3-4 supervisions for each class. So during the 5th week, you wouldve already tried to do Example Paper #1 and went over questions with your supervisor and scheduled supervision #2 for some day in week 5. However you realize, the day before your supervision, that not only have you not started on Example Paper #2, you still have questions on Example Paper #1. This is very sad so you end up staying up really late to struggle through the problems because the last thing you want to do is to waste a supervision. The good thing about weekly psets at MIT is that theres an end to the madness. Okay, you finish one and then have to pick up another one. But at least once you finish, you dont have to look at it again until you study for finals. At Cambridge, your example paper sheet just floats around the whole time and you get sick just looking at it. It really is an entirely different education system. I never know what to answer when people ask, How does this compare to MIT? Apples and oranges

Analysis of the Wood Pile - 1335 Words

THE WOOD-PILE: A COMMUNION WITH NATURE Robert Frost s poem, The Wood-Pile, focuses on a man who adventures himself in a frozen swamp. Away from home, he fears the environment surrounding him. Until a small bird, flies ahead of him and draws his attention on a decayed woodpile. This marks a turning point in the poem. The man, hypnotized by the wood pile, feels more comfortable because he knows humans were here before him. He enters in some sort of communion with nature. In his line by line analysis of Frosts poem On the Woodpile, J.Donald Crowley states that home is a place where one feel s comfortable and lives peacefully with his self. Through his poem, Frost explains home is an abstraction lost and gained through several stage†¦show more content†¦This comes at a point where gently mocks the bird for being too self-centered, for thinking that the whole world would be interested in its feathers (Frost, line 14). The bird seeks comfort by hiding behind the woodpile, likely to hide from the speaker. But unexpected ly the man s attention is drawn by the pile of wood. We can convey the speaker is a person who has the leisure and the curiosity to follow whatever path his imagination leads him too. Going into details my analysis approaches Frost s poem differently, but doesn t disagree with Crowley s. But we indeed both said the bird opened the speaker s eyes on his situation, recognizing his homelessness in this environment. Unquestionably, the title of the poem The Wood-Pile, clearly announces it will be the main focus of the poem. The wood pile and the speaker enter in some sort of communion. It facilitates the establishment of harmonic relation between the speaker and nature. He will learn about his self by exploring the nature (It is a recurrent aspect in Frost s poetry). The accumulation of and (Frost, 23-25) gives an acute description of the pile of wood four by four by eight (Frost, 24). The wood pile comforts him. It s the proof of human presence in this area. He describes the woodpile as old. Flowers are growing around it. So the woodpile is sort of a life nest. It s a symbol of rebirth. Even if it is dead, the wood still has aShow MoreRelatedThe Death Of The Hired Man By Robert Frost1500 Words   |  6 Pages No, but he hurt my heart the way he lay And rolled his old head on that sharp-edged chair-back (Frost 8). Frost used the right word, sharp-edged, to give accuracy to the picture. Bess Cooper Hopkins conducted a critical analysis, A Study of â€Å"The Death of the Hired Man, in The English Journal. Hopkins concluded that, â€Å"In all the lines the diction is simple, precise, economical. The words of the narrator are somewhat elementary and are homely. This simplicity persists throughoutRead MoreA Dirge and A Bridal Song by Percy Bysshe Shelley760 Words   |  3 Pagesalways be there for the one person you love. No matter how bad the situation might be. The poem also is saying to be as loyal as you can be because that is what true love is. This is on of his famous poems and it reflects love, hope and loyalty. Analysis of the theme of love. â€Å"Fairies, sprites, and angels, keep her, Holy stars, permit no wrong† (Constantakis 2). That is saying that he is comparing women to those things. â€Å"The golden gates of Sleep unbar, where Strength and Beauty, met together† (ConstantakisRead MoreSafety Assessment : A Work For A Timber Logging Company Essay1750 Words   |  7 Pagesthe local timber logging company. Daniel’s job description involves lifting a stack of timber wood weighing 60lbs into trucks. The trucks are then driven by a company driver to the wood mill. The timber is at the ground level and based on its weight, the lifting will be performed at zero inches near the feet of the worker. Daniel’s shift duration is 8 hours, with 4 hours of his shift spent lifting wood into the trucks. He performs one lift every 4-5 minutes because he gets a bonus incentive if heRead MoreArchitecture Of The Temple Of Artemis At Ephesus1424 Words   |  6 Pagesimpossible and try to analyze the remains of the architecture of the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus (320-650 BCE). Analyzing the remains in term of Art History is nearly impossible because there is nothing left outside but some foundations that consist of piles of rocks. These are most likely the bases of the temples columns. The site only has one actual column that is still intact. Although, it looks as though it has been pieced together with scrap. A number of artists have created their interpretationsRead MoreWhat The Unconscious Contains And How Those Contents Can Enter Into Consciousness1250 Words   |  5 Pagesstar in the way she talks and handles herself. †¢ Sublimation= redirecting bad or wrong urges into acceptable social reactions. Ex. A man has a lot of pent up anger so he goes out and chops wood he ends up with no one hurt and a pile of wood. 9. Identify and discuss two interesting concepts related to dream analysis. Wish fulfillment and interpreting of dreams were two interesting concepts for me. I found it interesting that anxiety one can feel about an upcoming task will cause dreams about failingRead MoreLiterary Analysis - the Law of Life Essay1113 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: LITERARY ANALYSIS Literary Analysis Sergio Scott Grand Canyon University ENG-353 American Literature II Susan Crannell September 28, 2011 Sergio Scott Susan Crannell ENG 353 September 29, 2011 Literary Analysis Naturalism was a literary movement that took place from the 1880s until the 1940s. It used realism as a mechanism to suggest that social conditions, heredity, and environment had a monumental impact in changing or defining human character. Naturalism exposesRead MoreRepton-Barrow Stratigraphy Essay975 Words   |  4 Pagesorder to determine the time periods of the different strata and the processes to which they relate, I will give a description of the artifacts found and where they were found, as well as the describing the different layers of strata. Throughout this analysis, I will refer to the stratigraphic profiles of each excavation site. They are attached to the end of this report and labeled Figure 3.2, which I will refer to as â€Å"East†, and Figure 3.3, which I will refer to as â€Å"West†. We begin by first notingRead MoreGirl Scout Murders1629 Words   |  7 Pagesbut in 4 other units of the camp. Approximately 3AM a girl in the Cherokee section across the woods heard a scream come from the direction of Kiowa about 2 city blocks away. A girl in Quapaw also heard a scream. The scream seemed to be momma. momma. The girl thought it may have been the voice of Lori Farmer Approximately 6AM Carla found sleeping bags under a tree near the intersection in a pile. The Bodies Doris Milner was found nude from the waist down, her PJ top was pulled upRead MoreThe Formation Of The Barrow1794 Words   |  8 Pagesfigure 3.2, in the eastern portion and layer 4, figure 3.3, in the western portion. These layers share a common buried soil layer that covered the chalk base, I recommend that samples of layers 6, figure 3.2, and layer 4, figure 3.3, soil be sent for analysis to determine if there can be any faunal evidence of the area before the construction of the barrow. This is the existing ground layer that served as the base on which the barrow was built in the Neolithic period. Layer 5, figure 3.2, of the easternRead MoreEssay about The Life of Robert Frost1404 Words   |  6 PagesROBERT FROST â€Å"Two roads diverged in a wood and I- I took the road less traveled† How did Robert Frost take the road less traveled in his life? Frost was a poet who lived a hard life. With 6 kids and a wife, he had a lot of people to provide for. He was a man who wore many hats, being a dad, husband, poet, and farmer. Robert was an incredibly gifted man who wrote many famous poems. Robert Frost, a great American poet lived a humble life and changed the world with his profound writing ability

Is the American Federation of Teachers Right for You

The American Federation of Teachers (AFT) was formed on April 15, 1916, with the purpose of being a labor union. It was built to protect the labor rights of teachers, paraprofessionals, school-related personnel, local, state, and federal employees, higher education faculty and staff, as well as nurses and other healthcare-related professionals. AFT was formed after many previous attempts at forming a national labor union for teachers had failed. It was formed after three local unions from Chicago and one from Indiana met to organize. They were supported by teachers from Oklahoma, New York, Pennsylvania, and Washington D.C. The founding members decided to seek out a charter from the American Federation of Labor which they also received in 1916. The AFT struggled in the early years with membership and grew slowly. The idea of collective bargaining in education was discouraged, thus many teachers did not want to join, due to the local political pressure they received. Local school boards led campaigns against the AFT which led many teachers to leave the union. Membership declined significantly during this time. The American Federation of Teachers did include African Americans in their membership. This was a bold move as they were the first union to offer full membership to minorities. The AFT fought hard for the rights of their African American members including equal pay, rights to be elected to a school board, and the right for all African American students to attend school. It also filed an amicus brief in the historic Supreme Court case over desegregation, Brown v Board of Education in 1954. By the 1940s, membership had begun to gain momentum. With that momentum came controversial union tactics including a strike by the St. Paul chapter in 1946 which eventually led to collective bargaining as an official policy by the American Federation of Teachers. Over the next several decades, the AFT left its mark on many educational policies and on the political realm in general as it grew into a powerful union for teacher rights. Membership The AFT started began with eight local chapters. Today they have 43 state affiliates and over 3000 local affiliates and have grown into the second-largest educational labor union in the United States. The AFT has focused on the inclusion of organizing workers outside the PK-12 education field. Today they boast 1.5 million members and include PK-12th-grade school educators, higher education faculty and professional staff, nurses and other healthcare-related employees, state public employees, educational paraprofessionals, and other school support members, and retirees. The AFT headquarters are located in Washington D.C. The AFT’s current annual budget is over $170 million dollars. Mission The mission of the American Federation of Teachers is, â€Å"to improve the lives of our members and their families; to give voice to their legitimate professional, economic and social aspirations; to strengthen the institutions in which we work; to improve the quality of the services we provide; to bring together all members to assist and support one another, and to promote democracy, human rights and freedom in our union, in our nation and throughout the world.† Important Issues The American Federation of Teachers’ motto is, â€Å"A Union of Professionals†. With their diverse membership, they do not focus just on the labor rights of one set of professionals. The AFT encompasses a broad focus for improvements across each of their members’ individual divisions. There are several key components that the AFT’s teacher division focuses on including embracing innovation and ensuring quality in education through broad reform approaches. Those include: Supporting teachers through the comprehensive teacher development and evaluation templateGuidance in National Board certification and professional development through the Educational Research and Development ProgramEfforts in school improvement include designing high schools for student success, supporting disadvantaged students through community schools, and assisting reforms in persistently low-achieving schoolsUrging for adequate school funding to prevent devastating teacher layoffsCollaborating in the development and implementation of the Common Core StandardsProviding input on the Elementary and Secondary Education Act reauthorization

School will Improve Education in America Free Essays

School choice will improve education in America. Public schools are grossly inefficient, and are not educating many of America’s youths adequately. Schools that are run independent from local government bureaucracy provide better education at lower cost. We will write a custom essay sample on School will Improve Education in America or any similar topic only for you Order Now School choice would allow more students to attend better schools. School choice is a potent educational reform that is far more effective than increased spending. The fears of opponents of school choice are factually unfounded. School choice is necessary to improve American education. Through allowing more parental choice in education, school choice forces education into a free market environment. As it is now, parents send children to the nearest school, assigned to them by the school district. If a family is wealthy enough and chooses to do so, parents can send children to private schools. However, this family then pays twice for one education. They still pay their taxes, and they pay the tuition for the private school. Under a school choice plan, any parent who decides to send their child to a private school will receive a scholarship from the government, redeemable for tuition at scholarship accepting private schools. The scholarship dollar amount is far below that of the average cost per student per year at public schools, but would allow millions of parents who cannot presently afford private tuition to do so. If a school performed poorly, parents would choose to remove their children, and then send to them to better schools. If a school began losing all its students, and therefore all its funding, the school would desire to improve. Under the current system, government schools get your money whether they are doing a good job or not. Milton Friedman was one of the first people to propose a school choice plan. Since he did so over a quarter century ago, support has expanded rapidly. However, few plans for school choice have actually been enacted. The city of Milwaukee enacted a program designed by future choice icon Polly Williams. She asked the simple yet brilliant question, â€Å"Why not allow tax dollars to go to the schools that are working? † (Harmer, 162) The plan does not allow religious schools to participate, and allows only low-income children to take part. Schools that participate can have no more than 49% of their students are scholarship receiving students. The extremely limited scale demonstration has had little effect on Milwaukee public schools, but has enabled many students to attend better schools. The number of students in the choice program has grown every year, in 1990 there were 341, in 1994 there were 846. (McGroarty, 36) In California in 1993, the Parental Choice in Education Initiative was placed on the ballot. The initiative was defeated by more than 2 to 1. However, proponents were outspent by a factor of 4 to 1. Unions such as the AFL-CIO, Nation Education Association, and California Teachers association raised over $17 million. Proponents raised only $4. 1 million, and were left with only $2. 5 million once they got the initiative on the ballot. (Harmer, 147) Demonstrators attempted to physically prevent people from signing the petitions to get the initiative on the ballot. People deliberately signed the petition multiple times to hamper school choice efforts. One person signed 23 times. Principles and teachers sent home anti-school choice information with children. School boards, such as that of the Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD), illegally used public funds and forums to send an anti-choice message. From the standpoint of well to do Washington, D. C. suburbs, a school choice plan may seem unnecessary. Choice plans are not designed to help the upper-middle or upper class children. David Harmer wrote, â€Å"In my travels as president of the Excellence through Choice in Education League (ExCEL), I rarely met rich white suburban Republicans who were desperate for alternative schools. † (Harmer, 114) They already get a good education from government schools. However, rural poor and inner-city children do not have that luxury. For example, in the city of Milwaukee, only 40% of freshman will eventually graduate from high school, and the average GPA for students is a D+. (McGroarty, 30) School choice plans would help these students the most. The people most involved in the education system are the ones who most easily realize the problems of government schools. The Wall Street Journal wrote that, â€Å"The California State Census Data Center, after analyzing the 1990 Census, found that about 18. 2% of the state’s public school teachers send their children to private schools. That’s nearly twice the statewide average for all households, which is 9. 7%† (Harmer, 28) College entrance exam scores have been dropping across the board, and the US often ranks dead last in international comparisons among industrialized nations. From 1960 to 1992, the average SAT score dropped 76 points. If one were to include the reenterings of the SAT test, scores would drop even further. (Harmer, 19) The landmark study by the National Commission on Excellence in Education, A Nation at Risk, claimed, â€Å"Each generation of Americans has outstripped its parents in education, in literacy, and in economic attainment. For the first time in the history of our country, the educational skills of one generation will not surpass, will not equal, will not even approach, those of their parents. † (Harmer, 25) In addition academic failure, public schools are failing to produce good citizens. According to a Tulane study, 20% of suburban high schooler’s condoned shooting someone who had stolen something of theirs. (Harmer, 29) The answer, contrary to what many education reformers claim, is not to throw more money into schools. Only one nation in the entire world spends more money per student, per year than the US, Switzerland. Japan, whose schools consistently outperform those of the US, spends only half as much money per student. Accounting for inflation, per student expenditure has increased 40 percent since 1982, and has tripled since 1960. (Harmer, 38) The image of the â€Å"criminally-underfunded† public school is false. Class size has also failed to improve education. The pupil teacher ratio declined from 25. 8:1 in 1960 to 17. 3:1 in 1991. Even in urban public schools, the ratio is as low as 17. 9:1. (McGroarty, 16) The image of the over crowded inner city school is also false. There is no relationship between spending and educational achievement in grade schools. A recent comparison of per student expenditure and scores on the National Assessment of Educational Progress tests by Forbes and Right Data Associates found the correlation coefficient for a linear relationship between spending and test scores to be 0. 12. (This value could range from -1 to 1, the closer the absolute value of the correlation coefficient is to 1, the stronger the relationship. ) (Brimelow, 52) Where does all the money go? In the LAUSD only 36 % of school funding is spent on teacher salaries, textbooks, and supplies. Thirty-one people are paid over $100,000 a year, only one of which is a teacher. Statewide in California, only 44 percent of the people employed by the school system are teachers. In the independent schools in California, 86 percent of school employees are teachers. (Harmer, 41-43) The situation is the same nationwide. Researcher Michael Fisher found that only 25. 7% of funds reach the classroom in Milwaukee schools. (McGroarty, 21) It is plain to see that throwing more money at schools and calling it reform won’t help the situation. Leaders of the National Education Association and its statewide affiliates have done much of the campaigning against proposed school choice plans. They represent the only people who are set to lose because of school choice: the education bureaucrats. Their jobs will no longer be guaranteed by a government monopoly. Many people fear that schools supported by the new choice movements would be fly-by-night institutions that are out to make a profit, teach racial and religious discrimination, and condone violent behavior. However, legislative school choice efforts have placed regulations on independent schools. The Parental Choice in Education initiative in California contained the following items: (1) No school, which discriminates on the basis of race, ethnicity, color, or national origin, may redeem scholarships. (2) To the extent permitted by this Constitution and the Constitution of the United States. The State shall prevent from redeeming scholarships any school which advocates unlawful behavior; teaches hatred of any person or group on the basis of race, ethnicity, color, national origin, religion, or gender; or deliberately provides false or misleading information respecting the school. 3) No school with fewer than 25 students may redeem scholarships, unless the Legislature provides otherwise. These measures would prevent fraud and discrimination. School choice does not condone discrimination. Government already regulates private schools to some degree, and this would definitely not decrease with the use of vouchers. Too many people are under the opinion that private schools are all elite academies or preppy boarding schools, both of which charge admission the price of a college education. However, 95 percent of Catholic schools, and 88 percent of Protestant schools charge tuition under $2,500 a year. Robert Genetski said, â€Å"Average cost data for public and private education indicate that in 1990 the operating cost per student for kindergarten through grade 12 in public schools was $4,841, compared with private school costs of $1,902. † (Harmer, 76) The truth is that even the poorest of parents would be able to afford a private education with a school choice plan. In legislative efforts for choice in California, parents would receive a voucher for half the cost of public schools, which would completely cover the costs of many adequate private schools. It is true that the government would lose money by giving scholarships to students already attending private schools. However, the government gains money by losing new students to private schools, since only half of a students tax money follows the student. The students that leave after school choice is enacted would provide a pool of money that would more than cover current private school attendees. Furthermore, David Harmer, author of the Parental Choice in Education initiative and School Choice: Why You Need It, How You Get It, said that if he had to rewrite the initiative, he would include a measure that would phase in school choice. Each year one new grade would be allowed to participate, starting at Kindergarten, and ending with grade 12. No students currently in private schools would benefit from school choice. (Harmer, 178) Opponents of school choice fear that children with special needs would be left out in the cold, since private schools would deny them admission. However, special education is already dealt with by a voucher type system. Public schools cannot meet the needs of many children, so the government sends these children with special needs to private contractors, such as the local School for Contemporary Education. Children who have special needs are guaranteed an equivalent education by many state laws, and this would not change under a school choice plan. Edd Doerr wrote that, â€Å"Despite repeated and misleading claims to the contrary, vouchers are merely the latest in a long line of attempts by sectarian special interests to channel public money to church-related education institutions. (Doerr, et al, 37) He conjures up images of â€Å"government funded religious schools† that, horror of horrors, teach religion. However, the GI Bill is constitutional! If a student decides to spend money from the government on a religious education, it does not mean that the wall between church and state has come tumbling down. Today students use money from the GI Bill and Pell Grants at religious colleges without any problem. Voucher plans are the exact same thing, except with younger kids. George Bush even called his school choice plan the â€Å"GI Bill for Kids. To say that vouchers fund religious schools is to say that food stamps are government funding of supermarkets. As to cultural balkanization, school choice would not effect this at all. Religious or racial discrimination is not allowed. The claim that society is held together by a â€Å"common school experience† is a faulty argument. Schools exist to teach, not for the sake of existing. Americans respect diversity and freedom of opinion, but somehow a diversity of ideas in education seems anathema. Private schools send a higher percentage of students to college than do public schools. Their students perform better on standardized tests. They operate more cost efficiently. They are directly responsible to the parents of their students, while public schools pay more attention to school boards and administrators. Government schools have had a monopoly on children for far too long. Thanks to their efforts, one third of American seventeen-year-olds cannot locate France on a map of the world. Only one in ten can write a reasonable paragraph or do pre-college mathematics. Every citizen in America deserves a decent education. School choice can make it happen. How to cite School will Improve Education in America, Papers

Accounting Theory Business Revolutions

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Theory for Business Revolutions. Answer: Introduction The biggest of all automotive scandals so far is the scandal of Volkswagen emission testing by defeat device. This device is defined by US EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) as an apparatus that reduces effectiveness of control systems on emission testing under conditions what vehicle experiences actually and reasonably. This software on detection of emission test would reduce nitrogen oxide emissions and torque, which is different when normal condition, prevails. A stakeholder as defined by Freeman and Reed in 1983 is a distinct body that not only can influence accomplishment of organizational objectives but can also be itself influenced by such organizational accomplishments. The stakeholders of Volkswagens can readily indentified by the following figure. Source: Sustainability Report, 2014. Major stakeholders The four major stakeholders of the mighty Volkswagen group essentially include their partners, customers, the capital market, the society. The direct effects of the Volkswagen scandal can be easily witnessed when the shares of the company plunged by nearly one third. It therefore was a major setback for Volkswagen shareholders investors, who put their high hopes, trust, and hard-earned money in the shares of the company .Hence, the investor sentiments, confidence was lost largely. The concerns of the Volkswagen partners i.e. employees, suppliers, business strategic partners etc. essentially revolve round sustainability, customer satisfaction, health, earnings, unbiased opportunities etc. (Barn, 2016).The scandal has fuelled so much insecurity uncertainty regarding the companys future among the partners that they have been found to part with the company. The society as a stakeholder of company generally includes the lawmakers, the municipal authorities, social working groups etc. The concerns of the society and the customers i.e. dealers consumers, of Volkswagens have been found to coincide in terms of safety of the vehicles, climate environmental protection issues. However, the recent emission scandal has put the concerns of the customers the society at stake (Zhang, et al, 2016). Volkswagen case Defeat device applied by Volkswagen on 400000 Volkswagen diesels run on roads of US.EPA imposed $37500 per vehicle for non-compliance of regulations, a fine of maximum about $18bn. Stock of Volkswagen dropped by 20% .CEO resigned, and U.S justice department (Zhou, 2016) has initiated investigation. In September 2015, EPA accused Volkswagen of cheating US emissions tests. Volkswagen has provisioned 6.7bn (4.8bn) to replenish costs required for recalling cars with cheat device in millions (8.5 million in Europe, including 2.4 million in Germany and 1.2 million in the UK, and 500,000 in the US) worldwide. As a direct consequence, the company faced 2.5bn loss in quarter late October15 for the first occasion in 15years. Code of ethics, which US companies required to be implemented regarding regulatory compliance and applicable in working environment, was allegedly violated by Volkswagen (Fracarolli Lee, 2016). Action plans Volkswagen management actions can be explained by different financial accounting theory. In Legitimacy, theory organisation should ensure that they operate following the norms and bounds of societies they belong. There is a notion of social contract. Legitimacy proves organisations value system goes with society and this is established through the process of legitimation. Presently, organisation should operate as per explicit and implicit expectation of the society as well as public expectation (Sustainability reporting, 2012). Organisation has to address human, social, and environmental issues. Companys operation should conform to social legitimacy. Here comes the role of public disclosure by examining social and environmental reporting maintaining legitimacy(Nelson, 2016). There is also stakeholder theory, ethical managerial branch. The company keeping in mind their interest should treat all stakeholders fairly and for their benefits. Ethical branch says that stakeholders have right to the information if there is conflict of interest. When defeat device installed as functioning devise it was totally unethical as well as illegal. The institutional theory of isomorphism and decoupling is required to be cited here. In isomorphism, mainly coercive where institutional practices are changed by the organisation due to pressure of powerful stakeholders. Here decoupling also established where management adopt practices which vary from practices which are publicly pronounced adhering to environmental and social responsibility (Das, 2013). Volkswagens responsibility Volkswagens management should accept accountability because of the scandal for which it is held responsible. It should act and account for those actions considering them as right to information. Reporting is companys responsibility even if not demanded. Managerial branch of stakeholder theory explains how management should attend stakeholders expectations maintaining strategic organisational objectives and by continually following disclosure policy of organisational operations. Here information of financial accounting and information of social performance should be provided to stakeholders (Janssen, 2013). As mentioned above here Legitimacy Theory, Stakeholder Theory and Institutional Theory such as isomorphism and decoupling are applicable in this scandal case of VOLKSWAGEN. Legitimacy theory establishes relationship between disclosures of company and expectation of community. Management should follow both ethical issues and its performance. It is by the virtue of which company gains legitimacy and capabilities to survive (Zhang, 2016). Stakeholder theory comes into play where management plays a major role of meeting demands of stakeholders by continual adaptation of disclosure strategies. Institutional theory of isomorphism and decoupling to be highlighted which relates to both coercive stakeholder pressure and image of organisation with disclosure of policies on its environmental and social responsibility (Nzuve, 2011). Here all the above theories considered jointly for better understanding of this cheating case on emission testing in the perspective of ethical lesson (Klinger, 2016). Theory should accomplish practices otherwise new theories need to be developed. Accounting theory is the principles in the form of guidelines that give references on how accounting practices will be carried out, developed, and evaluated. Good business lies upon trust. People who are driving cars if cannot trust that their vehicles will safely run under all conditions, then company is guilty by its practices and non-compliance is charged with respect to accounting theory of stakeholder (ethical branch) and legitimacy. Volkswagen violated principles of ethics which company itself approved that each of their employees will abide by the rules and regulations, laws, group values, code of conduct applicable to their working environment (Volkswagen, 2015). Violation of the above will attract appropriate consequences as per pr evalent law and it will also result in termination of employer-employee relationship and damages will be claimed (Elson, et al, 2015). Conclusion The present research based study has been a great learning experience in terms of the valuable insight it has provided on various concepts, theories, practices of accounting. The evaluation and analysis of their relevance in the light of the Volkswagen emission scandal has also been rewarding. Further, the study has also served as a revelation as regards investigating a never before scandal of this magnitude that has been effected by the most robust automobile giant of all times. Moreover, it has also been highly instrumental in displaying major environmental issues theirs concerns related to toxic nitrogen oxide carbon emissions. Finally, the present study will also help the readers in gaining knowledge about the various stakeholders, Volkswagen management their practices, Volkswagen accounting practices the company as a whole (Balbir, 2016). References Balbir, S 2016, Do You Own a Volkswagen? Values as Non-Functional Requirements. In Human-Centered and Error-Resilient Systems Development, Springer. Barn, B.S 2016, Do you own a Volkswagen? Values as non-functional requirements. In International Conference on Human-Centred Software Engineering, Springer International Publishing. Das, S 2013, Cultural Due-diligence for Global Operation: Basic Steps, Vilakshan, The XIMB Journal of Management,vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 12-20. Elson, C.M., Ferrere, C.K. Goossen, N.J 2015, The bug at Volkswagen: Lessons in co determination, ownership, and board structure, Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, vo. 27, no. 4, pp.36-43. Fracarolli N,M. 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