Africana Philosophy Short Essays essays

Africana Philosophy Short Essays essays 1. Discuss the different contradictory tenets of Western Cartesian philosophical thought and Africana thought. (Pay special attention to Henrys treatment of Cartesian philosophical thought.) A principle contradictory tenet between Western Cartesian and Africana philosophies is autonomy. Western thought is not inclusive of religion or mythology; Western thought is autonomous. The practice itself began as a revolt against mythology. Written discourse of a certain formulation can be considered Western philosophy as only then can it be argued and interpreted with respect to validity. Western thought dismissed the interdisciplinary ideas that are not only included in but helped form the Africana metaphilosophy. Western Cartesian thought includes the metaphilosophy of Western thought but goes one step further; Descartes metaphilosophy also incorporated an individuals personal thoughts (although not tangible) and personal identity. In a different philosophic sense, Africana thought (as argued by Paget Henry) is not only inclusive of philosophy but also of religion and other disciplines. As practices, mythology and religion are precursors to the relatively new discipline of philosophy. Henry, among others, dispute the ways in which Western thought neglects the importance of intertextual and interdisciplinary discourse. Africana philosophy is open to and includes folklore, mythology, narratives, etc. Primarily, for Henry, Africana thought is diverse. Henry even goes as far as to claim that Western Cartesian thought is too narrow because it is not intertextual nor is it accepting of expanding cultures. Validity in (textual) discourse is not as important as who makes a claim. These unwritten customs and traditions, according to Africana philosophy and in direct contradiction with Western Cartesian philosophy, are an important collection of ideas that make up the metaphilosophy. 2. Compare and contrast Garv...

Why We Need Paragraphs

Why We Need Paragraphs Why We Need Paragraphs Why We Need Paragraphs By Sharon Reading a blog post or a web article should be easy. Some web pages have large blocks of text with very few breaks between them. When I see those, my brain does the TMI (too much information) dance and my eyes move on until they find something easier to look at. When you try to process an unbroken block of text, its like trying to eat a whole apple pie in one gulp. You may be able to do it, but youll probably get indigestion or choke in the attempt. Thats why paragraphs are important. Getting Attention Web readers have a short attention span. Thats why you need to make it easy. As you write, remember that you are taking your readers on a journey from point A to point B to point C. Paragraphs are just one of the ways that you do this. Web Usability When I worked as an editor, I spent a lot of time making long paragraphs shorter and making sure that each paragraph had a point. This also works for web content writing. All the advice I read on web usability suggests that you make one main point or cover one key idea in each paragraph. Then you expand on it a bit, then move on to the next one. That makes it easy for the eyes and the brain to process – and makes it more likely that people will read your blog posts. Using Subheadings Theres one more way to improve the experience for web content readers. Subheadings serve as navigational markers to tell readers whats coming in each paragraph. They can skip to the part that interests them, or get an idea whether they need to read the article or blog post at all. Use subheadings and small paragraphs and your readers will thank you and come back for more. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Punctuate References to Dates and TimesHow to Punctuate with â€Å"However†45 Idioms About the Number One

Crime Rate in Hillsborough County Florida 2000-2012 Research Paper

Crime Rate in Hillsborough County Florida 2000-2012 - Research Paper Example These statistics only represent the crimes reported to the police. Under normal circumstances, so many crimes never reach the police desk. Hence, the police reports though correct, are not inclusive. In the US, violent crime includes aggravated assault, murder, homicide, rape, robbery with violence, violent crime between intimate partners, hate crime, fraud and impersonation, truancy, financial crimes, and killing of law enforcement officers. In the US, security agents that deal with crime include the police, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the Criminal investigation Agency. However, despite the huge amount of resources that the US federal government spends on crime prevention and management, the US records approximately 12 million crimes annually which is the worst criminal record in the world. Nevertheless, crime does not occur universally in the US with some states recording higher crime rates while others record low crime rates (Sperling et al 97-101). Indeed, the New En gland records the lowest crime rates of violence, property, and homicide in the US. Louisiana ranked first every year from 1989 to 2010 on per capita homicide rate. On the other hand, Detroit city has the most thriving crime rates of violent crime. Florida has one of the highest crime rates in US (Thuma et al 5-6). One is either a crime victim or a criminal. Ideally, the chance of one becoming a crime victim in the US depends on location and other demographics. Nevertheless, men, the financially unstable, minorities, and the young are more likely to commit crime or fall victim to crime in the US. However, women of any race are more prone to rape and violence against women than men. In average, 20 % of American citizens become victims of crime every year, which is the highest rate in the world. With the recent economic depression, skyrocketing unemployment, and increasing population crime rate in the US may upsurge due to the hard times and desperation among the citizens (Pearce Web) . However, according to the FBI, US were safer in 2010 than in any other year for the last 40 years (Jonsson Web). In comparing US crime rate with other countries, the FBI considers the nation’s wealth, development, and the nature of the crime. This paper will consider the Crime Rate in Hillsborough County Florida and specifically in Tampa area. It will include the crime rates from 2000-2012 and show what things have been done to combat the level of crime to get the levels lower. The paper will equally highlight some of the major crime events that featured in local and national news. Crime rate in Florida closely compares to that of Louisiana. The crime rate in Florida hit its lowest in 40 years this year (Thuma et al 5-6). However, it is arguably true that where man exists, crime exists. Hence, crime is still present in Hillsborough County Tampa area. Tampa area is a city in Florida and the county headquarters of Hillsborough County situated in the west coast of Florida. Tam pa city offers tourists attraction sites, historical sites, suburb life, and city life. The crime rate of Tampa city is favorable compared to that of other cities. Though there are no serious crimes here, thieves still open car doors and steal personal belongings. In addition, there are cases of shoplifting (Tampa Bay’s News Leader Web), credit card fraud, sex offences, prostitution, and liquor violations. However, these crimes are not on large scale and the security

Cell Biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Cell Biology - Essay Example Their sizes range from 1 to 100 micrometers. Thanks to modern day technology, detailed images of the most complex cells can be obtained through advance microscopes. Mainly there are 2 types of cells, Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic; the first ones can be found in animal, plants and fungi while the later ones include bacteria and archaeans. Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms which were the most primitive forms of life on earth, and are able to survive in the most extreme habitats. Cell biology has made one of the most useful and interesting discoveries of modern times – DNA. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is perhaps the key to finding the hidden truths about human life cycle. DNA is type of molecule known as nucleic acid, and is located within the nucleus of cells (Bailey 2010). Chromosomes are the main component of reproduction; proteins and DNA are the main constituents within these chromosomes, therefore DNA serve as a major part of reproduction cycle. Cells have quite a complex structure, there are other structures contained in a single cell and are called as Organelles. Each of these organelles carries out a specific task, just like the different organs of our bodies, which perform their specific function in order to enable the running of over all system smoothly. Similarly these organelles execute wide range of functions within a cell that range from providing energy to reproducing hormones and enzymes. The Eukaryotic cells contain different range of organelles and prokaryotic contain separate organelles, which are known as ribosome. In the same way plants and animals have different combinations of organelles but some of the elements are common throughout, such as: Nucleus, Mitochondria, Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex. The unique characteristic of cells is that different types of cells have a different reproduction mechanism for them. Fossils from primitive times came into their final form through a process called

Romeo and Juliet Essay Example for Free

Romeo and Juliet Essay â€Å"Wisely and slow, they run fast† Haste is described perfectly with that one quote. People don’t take into considerations the consequences of their actions. In William Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet adolescents who lack the wisdom obtained from life experience and react with dramatic haste, failing to contemplate the possible risks consequences of their actions is revealed. Through this tale of love there are many events leading to the tragic endings of his two main characters, Shakespeare shows how if rationality and patience is not used it will lead to downfall. Many teenagers, four hundred years ago and to this day are like Romeo and Juliet; impulsive and do things with too much haste. First of all, the fact that their entire relationship was five days long goes to show this haste. They fell out and in of love very quickly, at the beginning of the play, Romeo says he is desperately in love with a girl who goes by the name of Rosaline. His friends decide to prove to him how ridiculous his love for Rosaline is, by bringing him to a party. Upon laying eyes on Juliet, Romeo’s obsession over Rosaline is instantly replaced with a new one for Juliet. He asks himself, â€Å"Did my heart love till now? . This ironic sentence reveals exactly how Romeo allows himself to be dominated by his passion. Instead of having Juliet as some kind of example of how little he actually loved Rosaline, he allows himself to fall into deeper love. So we question our selves is it really love, or just lust, or maybe an obsession. In the balcony scene, before saying goodnight to Juliet, Romeo asks her for an â€Å"exchange of thy love’s faithful vow for mine†. Romeo asked Juliet to vow eternal love to him in return for his, after less than an hour of knowing her, this is in no way a rational action and is too spontaneous to be a wise decision to make. Romeo kills Tybalt in Act 3 Scene 1; he does so out of fury, another type of passion. Moments before, he had been willing to stop his best friend Mercutio to protect his new cousin-in-law; however, after seeing his friend killed under Tybalt’s arm, Romeo is enveloped by rage and the need to avenge him. Romeo, unaware of the plan Juliet and the Friar had arranged, later sees Juliet’s seemingly lifeless body. Seeking relief from the pain of thinking he had lost Juliet, Romeo pronounces these final words: â€Å"Here’s to my love! [Drinks. ] O true apothecary! / Thy drugs are quick. Thus with a kiss I die. [Falls. ] â€Å" . Romeo impulsively chooses to buy and drink poison, and this decision permanently solves the problem of his grief. Had Romeo thought about the whole situation a little longer and not been hasty, he could have saved himself and Juliet from suicide. Secondly, many of these hasty actions have been caused by a feud. Romeo and Juliet had many choices to make and if taken differently they could have not lead to deaths, but they chose not to follow the expectations they knew everyone had of them and instead decided to pursue their love for each other. The horrid feud between the Capulet and Montague families is a big part of Romeo and Juliet’s lives. The citizens around them expect the two families to hate each other and to spill each other’s blood, and do not expect them to be friends, let alone to marry a member of the other family. In Act 2 Scene 3, Romeo asks Friar Lawrence to marry him and Juliet. â€Å" Then plainly know my hearts dear love is set on the fair daughter of rich Capulet: as mine on hers, so hers is set on mine; and all combined, save what thou must combine by holy marriage: when and where and how we met, we wood and made exchange of vow, Ill tell thee as we pass; but this I pray, that thou consent to marry us to-day. Romeo is a Montague and Juliet is a Capulet; because of their two families’ continuous feud, their society would never approve of their choice to fall in love and get married. Neither Romeo nor Juliet hesitate to think about what they are doing and so demonstrate their adolescent haste. Friar Laurence’s action to marry the kids was very hasty as well, he thought if he married them quickly and secretly it could help bring an end to the family fights, but as we all know it did nothing but make things worse. On the other hand, the feud can be caused by those hasty actions. No one would have died if there was no sign of Romeo falling in love with Juliet so quickly. Tybalt, Mercutio, Paris, Lady Capulet could be alive. These people dying cause the Montague’s and Capulet’s to be even madder at each other, they blamed each other for the deaths. Thirdly, all the haste threw out this entire play has made many consequences and one benefit. The first consequence is a sword fight that leads to death. Romeo does not want to fight tybalt because he is in love with Juliet and just married her, and Tybalt is the nephew of the Capulet’s. Tybalt takes no sympathy and fight with Romeo and Mercutio who gets a scratch. O Romeo, Romeo, brave Mercutio dead! † Benvolio brings that horrid news to Romeo. After the announcement Romeo is very hurt and upset so he kills Tybalt. Two deaths from a simple marriage. If Romeo would have thought threw his actions of killing tybalt he might have not been banished from Verona, now he cannot see Juliet. Another consequence would be the fact that from all this quick love and haste Romeo and Juliet did not even get to really know one another or start a life together. Upon awakening from the induced coma Juliet had been put in by the Friar’s potion she sees Romeo dead next to her. She immediately decides to kill herself for real. Her last words are: â€Å"O happy dagger! [Snatches Romeos dagger. ] This is thy sheath[ Stabs herself]; there rust, and let me die[Falls on Romeo’s body, and dies]† . Deciding to end her life immediately is an extreme example of how Juliet acts with much haste, blinded by her passion to be with Romeo, dead or alive. All in all, there was one single benefit of all this nasty hast; the Montague and Capulet’s have ended their feud; it ended by their children’s death. â€Å"O brother Montague, give me thy hand. This is my daughter’s jointure, for no more can I demande† Capulet says to Montague at the end of the play, there we see the end of that nasty feud. In conclusion, we can all say hasty actions, are truly a waste. It kills the loved ones around you, frustrates everyone, and just in all gives many consequences towards yourself and the others around you. Romeo and Juliet proved to us that most teenagers for ages now still take decisions without thinking and get them self caught in a big knot. All though a love story, Shakespeare play turns into quite the ironic tragedy relating to one main thing; Haste.

The Yellow Wallpaper :: essays research papers

Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper" is an observation on the male oppression of women in a patriarchal society. The story itself presents an interesting look at one woman's struggle to deal with both mental and physical confinement. Through Gilman's writing the reader becomes aware of the mental and physical confinement, which the narrator endures, and the overall effect and reaction to this confinement. The story begins with the narrator’s description of the physically confining elements surrounding her. The setting is cast in an isolated colonial mansion, set back from the road and three miles from the village (674). The property contains hedges that surround the garden, walls that surround the mansion, and locked gates that guarantee seclusion. Even the connected garden represents confinement, with box-bordered paths and grape covered arbors. This image of isolation continues in the mansion. Although she prefers the downstairs room with roses all over the windows that opened on the piazza the narrator finds herself consigned to an out of the way dungeon-like nursery on the second floor. "The windows in the nursery provide views of the garden, arbors, bushes, and trees†(674). These views reinforce isolationism since, the beauty can be seen from the room but not touched or experienced. There is a gate at the head of the stairs, presumably to keep children contained in their play area of the upstairs with the nursery. Additionally, the bed is immoveable " I lie here on this great immovable bed- it is nailed down, I believe-and follow that pattern about by the hour" (678). It is here in this position of physical confinement that the narrator secretly describes her descent into madness. Although the physical confinement drains the narrators strength and will, the mental and emotional confinement symbolized in the story play an important role in her ultimate fall into dementia. By being forced to be her own company she is confined within her mind. Likewise part of the narrators mental confinement stems from her recognition of her physical confinement. The depression the narrator has experienced associated with child bearing is mentally confining as well. "It is fortunate Mary is good with the baby. Such a dear Baby! And yet I cannot be with him, it makes me so nervous"(675). Specifically, she cannot control her emotion or manage her guilt over her inability to care for her child. These structures of confinement contribute to the rapid degeneration of her state of mind.

Relationship influence relationships Essay

Physical attraction is based on people’s appearances. Often a caring, kind, and affectionate person will go unrecognized among others. Mostly such people find their partners due to physical proximity, â€Å"one’s actual physical nearness to others, in terms of housing, work, school, and so forth.† On the other hand, an attractive person usually would have far more attention from others. Mills had an experiment which showed that â€Å"most important determinant of desire to continue relationship was physical attractiveness.† (1982) However, in Today’s Magazine, the article read : â€Å"according to a new study, [men are] willing to overlook a woman’s body shape and weight if she’s friendly and likeable†. But, consider that the article, if you read it, doesn’t present other important information, such the percentage of people who are in the category, and to what extreme were those studies true: it’s likely that men can overlook minor unattractive traits, but it doesn’t totally disprove the study mentioned above. Even though the point if this study may have changed slightly, it is not a secret that attractive people seem to be more of everything, since with beauty, person seems happy, healthy, successful, interesting, even if it isn’t necessarily so, which is called the halo effect. Another kind of attraction is romantic attraction. It is â€Å"love that is associated with high levels of interpersonal attraction, heightened arousal, mutual absorption (‘with regard to romantic love, the nearly exclusive attention lovers give one another.’), and sexual desire.† Romantic attraction has a â€Å"like scale† and a â€Å"love scale,† that Zick Rubin brought up to measure the â€Å"attitude† towards friends and love partners. In result, love usually included passion and commitment, whereas liking lacked those things. Estimated by these scales, type of attraction can be described by the chosen attitude towards each other, as to what the two people think of each other, and whether they are intimate or not, and so on. Just as there are different reasons for forming our personalities, there are different causes which bring people together. The reason some people choose to date who they date is partially due to homogamy -â€Å"the attraction of people who are alike† and heterogamy – â€Å"the attraction of opposites.† A person may seek to find someone with similar qualities or with the opposite ones to â€Å"balance out.† To some degrees, love may be just a mere excitement. This love (which is also something like secret love) is determined by different situations, such parents’ disapproval, or when fleeing the country with someone. Just as in secret love, those events may lead to feel even stronger attraction. But even if such situations can be an attribute to the relationship, it can also bring conflict. Those relationships can be affected by uncertainty of whether there is any kind of attraction between the two people. (As Kenrick wrote, â€Å"it is sometimes hard to tell the difference among sex, love, and infatuation (1989).† There are also two problems: excitement that adds to attraction and boredom that decreases it; the influenced behavior may not be the cause of attraction. (Homans 1961) Similarly, I am sure there have been times when you’ve known or heard of someone who, for example, embraced everyone he or she was friends with. His or her behavior doesn’t necessarily mean deep attraction, but it may just be a way in culture, personal way of showing friendship, or a habit, or may be the fact that he or she misses his/her girlfriend/boyfriend. Any of those reasons may be the factor, why due to body language, a woman may take such action for affection, or, from another point, a man can misunderstand woman’s â€Å"warning signals†. References Homans, G.C. (1961) Social Behaviour: Its Elementary Forms, New York, Harcourt, Brace and World. Kenrick, D.T. and Trost, M.R. (1989) ‘A reproductive exchange model of heterosexual relationships’ in Hendrick, C. (ed) Close Relationships (Review of Personality and Social Psychology 10) Newbury Park, CA, Sage. Miell, D. & Croghan, R. (1996) ‘Examining the wider context of social relationships’ in Dallos, R. & Miell, D. (eds) Social Interaction and Personal Relationships, Milton Keynes, Open University. Mills, J. and Clark, M.S. (1982). ‘Communal and exchange relationships’ in Wheeler, L (ed.) Review of Personality and Social Psychology (Vol 3), Beverley Hills, CA, Sage

Parliamentary sovereignty Essay

Critically discuss this statement. A.V Dicey gives an introduction to the doctrine of Parliamentary sovereignty as, â€Å"the principle of Parliamentary sovereignty means neither more nor less than this, namely, that Parliament thus defined has, under the English constitution, the right to make or unmake any law whatever; and, further, that no person or body is recognised by the law of England as having the right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament’. However, there are many discussions as to whether the UK joining with the European Union and adherence to the Human Rights Act 1998 renders sovereignty irrelevant. It will be argued that although following these rules may appear to be contradictory to sovereignty, co-operation is entirely voluntary, necessary, and there are many examples as to why sovereignty is not irrelevant, nor archaic. Firstly, Parliamentary sovereignty is not a constitutional relic. It may seem to be the, as part of the UK constitution continues to rely on extremely early Acts such as The Magna Carta or the Bill of Rights Act , however, these statutes continue to remain as they set out important constitutional principles. Even since 1215, it has been recognised that it is important to limit the power of the monarch, and transfer powers to parliament, in interest of balance, and the separation of powers. Up until present day, supporting Dicey’s summary above, UK courts cannot strike down an Act of Parliament, this is unlike many Supreme Courts in other countries, for example the USA, who are bound to reject legislation which contradicts the written constitutional rights. For example in the case of Mortensen v. Peters , it notes that in the event of a contradiction between international law and Act of Parliament, courts within the UK are bound to apply the UK legislation, and discount the international law. This shows that, while Parliamentary sovereignty is based on ancient fundamental principles, it still has a modern, every day importance, which is key to our constitution, as supported by Jennings ; ‘The supremacy of Parliament is the constitution’. The doctrine of legislative sovereignty dictates that  parliament has power to legislate on constitutional matters, thus parliament can change the constitution by an act of parliament. There is a challenge posed to parliamentary sovereignty by EU law, as in 1973 the UK joined the European Union. Member states must not be permitted to deviate from EU rules common to all, thus overriding Parliamentary sovereignty. This seems to conflict with Dicey’s view of sovereignty. The European Communities Act 1972 tries to establish the relationship between domestic law and EU law ; ‘Any enactment passed or to be passed†¦ shall be construed and have effect subject to the foregoing provisions of this section’. This provides a problem with sovereignty, as it means that the UK will have to adhere to the EU court, rather than our own supreme court. Parliament in the future may no longer be considered as sovereign, as they may no longer be free to make or unmake law. However, courts have tried to find a middle ground with EU and Parliamentary sovereignty, in the case of Macarthys . Lord Denning stats that if Parliament every clearly and deliberately passes an act which is inconsistent with EU law, ‘the duty of our courts to follow the statute of our Parliament’. This shows that Parliament has retained some of its independence, and only acts in accord with EU voluntarily, and because the UK agrees with the EU laws. Leading on from the UK’s voluntary cooperation with the EU laws, is the case of Factortame (No. 2) . Justification for the decision in Factortame was offered by Lord Bridge, which emphasised that; â€Å"whatever limitation of its sovereignty Parliament accepted when it enacted the European Communities Act 1972 was entirely voluntary†; the ECA 1972 was the domestic source of the supremacy of EU law; and there was nothing novel about this decision. Lord Bridges’ speech traces the source of the limit of legislative power to the ECA 1972, suggesting that if Parliament wishes to create a new Act, contradicting EU law, it need only expressly state in the new statute that it is to take place regardless of the ECA 1972. This, supported by Denning’s Obiter in Macarthys , brings us in a compete circle, to Dicey’s view; ‘that no person or body is recognised by the law of England as having the right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament’, as it suggests that the UK can decide not to follow EU law, therefore Parliamentary sovereignty is not obsolete or irrelevant.

Understanding Split Infinitives in English Grammar

Understanding Split Infinitives in English Grammar In English grammar, a split infinitive is a construction in which one or more words come between the infinitive marker to and the verb (as in to really try  my best). Also called a cleft infinitive. A   split infinitive  is sometimes regarded as a type of tmesis. I think the evidence is conclusive enough, says editor Norman Lewis: it is perfectly correct to consciously split an infinitive whenever such an act increases the strength or clarity of your sentence (Word Power Made Easy, 1991). Examples and Observations Here are some examples of split infinitives, and descriptions of the term and its uses from other texts to help you better understand their function: To deliberately split an infinitive, puristic teaching to the contrary notwithstanding, is correct and acceptable English.(Norman Lewis, How to Speak Better English. Thomas Y. Crowell, 1948I was wise enough to never grow up while fooling most people into believing I had.(attributed to Margaret Mead)Hamilton from boyhood on was an overachiever, one who found it necessary to more than compensate for his feelings of inadequacy.(Peter R. Henriques, Realistic Visionary. University of Virginia Press, 2006)Her first class wasnt until the afternoon. That would give her time to quickly head to the house, then come back and grab a bite to eat in the cafeteria.(Kayla Perrin, The Delta Sisters. St. Martins Press, 2004It seemed that he had caught [the fish] himself, years ago, when he was quite a lad; not by any art or skill, but by that unaccountable luck that appears to always wait upon a boy when he plays the wag from school.(Jerome K. Jerome, Three Men in a Boat, 1889Milton was too busy to mu ch miss his wife.(Samuel Johnson, Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets, 1779-1781 News of the government’s plan to on average halve pay for the top 25 employees of firms that took two bailouts ricocheted down Wall Street on Wednesday.(Eric Dash, A New Challenge for 2 Ailing Banks. The New York Times, Oct. 21, 2009The phrase to solemnly swear is at best an explication of what is implied in the idea of swearing, at worst a pleonasm.(Peter Fenves, Arresting Language: From Leibniz to Benjamin. Stanford University Press, 2001 A 19th-Century Proscription Hostility to the practice of splitting infinitives developed in the nineteenth century. A magazine article dating from 1834 may well be the first published condemnation of it. A large number of similar prohibitions followed. The first to call it a split infinitive was a contributor to the magazine Academy in 1897. (Henry Hitchings, The Language Wars. John Murray, 2011) A False Analogy With Latin The only rationale for condemning the [split infinitive] construction is based on a false analogy with Latin. The thinking is that because the Latin infinitive is a single word, the equivalent English construction should be treated as if it were a single unit. But English is not Latin, and distinguished writers have split infinitives without giving it a thought. Noteworthy splitters include John Donne, Daniel Defoe, George Eliot, Benjamin Franklin, Abraham Lincoln, William Wordsworth, and Willa Cather. Still, those who dislike the construction can usually avoid it without difficulty. (The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th edition, 2000)The split-infinitive rule may represent mindless prescriptivisms greatest height. It was foreign. (It was almost certainly based on the inability to split infinitives in Latin and Greek, since they consist of one word only.) It had been routinely violated by the great writers in English; one 1931 study found split infinitives in English literature from every century, beginning with the fourteenth-century epic poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight . . .. (Robert Lane Greene, You Are What You Speak. Delacorte, 2011) Clarity and Style In fact, an unsplit infinitive may be less clear than a split one, as in He decided to go boldly to confront his tormentor, where it is unclear whether boldly is attached to go or confront or perhaps both. (Jean Aitchison, The Language Web: The Power and Problem of Words. Cambridge University Press, 1997)The condemnation of  the split infinitive  seems so devoid of adequate justification that, personally, I am accustomed to look upon it as merely idiosyncratic. The use of the idiom can be defended on various grounds, not the least substantial of which is the need of allowing language that freedom from purely artificial restraints which it continually and successfully claims. . . . Adverbs of one or two syllables readily adhere to the verb as prefixes, and thus disguise their reprobate individualities. But it is generally assumed that there is no glue strong enough to make such processional words as circumstantially, extraordinarily, disproportionately, and the like,  stick wit hin  the split infinitive,  and therefore they must  be trailed after  verbs like cartloads of bricks. The majority of the adverbs in common use, however, do not attain such unwieldy dimensions, and  may  well be admitted within  the split infinitive,  especially if  clarity  of apprehension is promoted  thereby. And  surely the idiom is not to be pilloried if it serves to make the sentence more harmonious- as, for instance, in He decided to rapidly march on the town, where to march rapidly is certainly less pleasing to the ear. From such considerations as these I therefore infer that  the split infinitive  does not merit the censure which critics frequently bestow on it.   (J. Dormer, Split Infinitive. Notes and Queries, January 21, 1905) The Lighter Side of Split Infinitives Would you convey my compliments to the purist who reads your proofs and tell him or her that I write in a sort of patois which is something like the way a Swiss waiter talks, and that when I split an infinitive, God damn it, I split it so it will stay split.(Raymond Chandler, letter to Edward Weeks, Jan. 18, 1947. Quoted by F. MacShane in Life of Raymond Chandler, 1976)

Ancestry of Albert Einstein - Family Tree

Ancestry of Albert Einstein - Family Tree Albert Einstein was born in the city of Ulm in Wurttemberg, Germany, on March 14, 1879 into a non-observant Jewish family. Six weeks later his parents moved the family to Munich, where Einstein spent most of his early years. In 1894, Einsteins family moved to Pavia, Italy (near Milan), but Einstein chose to remain behind in Munich. In 1901 Albert Einstein received his diploma from the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich, as well as Swiss citizenship. In 1914, he returned to Germany as director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Physical Institute in Berlin, a position he held until 1933. After Hitlers rise to power, life for professional Jews in Germany became very uncomfortable. Albert Einstein and his wife, Elsa, moved to the United States and settled in Princeton, New Jersey. In 1940 he became a US citizen. Professor Albert Einstein is best known for his special (1905) and general (1916) theories of relativity. First Generation 1. Albert EINSTEIN was born on 14 March 1879 in Ulm, Wurttemberg, Germany, to Hermann EINSTEIN and Pauline KOCH. On 6 January 1903 he married his first wife, Mileva MARIC in Berne, Switzerland, with whom he had three children: Lieserl (born out of wedlock in Jan 1902); Hans Albert (born 14 May 1904) and Eduard (born 28 July 1910). Mileva and Albert divorced in February 1919 and a few months later, on 2 June 1919, Albert married his cousin, Elsa EINSTEIN. Second Generation (Parents) 2. Hermann EINSTEIN was born on 30 August 1847 in Buchau, Wurttemberg, Germany and died on 10 October 1902 in Milan, Friedhof, Italy. 3. Pauline KOCH was born on 8 February 1858 in Canstatt, Wurttemberg, Germany and died on 20 February 1920 in Berlin, Germany. Hermann EINSTEIN and Pauline KOCH were married on 8 August 1876 in Canstatt, Wurttemberg, Germany and had the following children:    1 i. Albert EINSTEIN ii. Marie Maja EINSTEIN was born on 18 November 1881 in Munich, Germany and died on 25 June 1951 in Princeton, New Jersey. Third Generation (Grandparents) 4. Abraham EINSTEIN was born 16 April 1808 in Buchau, Wurttemberg, Germany and died on 21 November 1868 in Ulm, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany. 5. Helene MOOS was born on 3 July 1814 in Buchau, Wurttemberg, Germany and died in 1887 in Ulm, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany. Abraham EINSTEIN and Helene MOOS married on 15 April 1839 in Buchau, Wurttemberg, Germany, and had the following children:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   i. August Ignaz EINSTEIN b. 23 Dec 1841 ii. Jette EINSTEIN b. 13 Jan 1844 iii. Heinrich EINSTEIN b. 12 Oct 1845 2   iv. Hermann EINSTEIN v. Jakob EINSTEIN b. 25 Nov 1850 vi. Friederike EINSTEIN b. 15 Mar 1855 6. Julius DERZBACHER was born on 19 February 1816 in Jebenhausen, Wurttenberg, Germany and died in 1895 in Canstatt, Wurttemberg, Germany. He took the surname KOCH in 1842. 7. Jette BERNHEIMER was born in 1825 in Jebenhausen, Wurttemberg, Germany and died in 1886 in Canstatt, Wurttemberg, Germany. Julius DERZBACHER and Jette BERNHEIMER were married in 1847 and had the following children:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   i. Fanny KOCH was born 25 Mar 1852 and died in 1926. She was the mother of Elsa EINSTEIN, second wife of Albert EINSTEIN. ii. Jacob KOCH iii. Caesar KOCH 3   iv. Pauline KOCH Next Fourth Generation (Great Grandparents)    Albert Einstein Family Tree, Generations 1-3 Fourth Generation (Great Grandparents) 8.  Rupert EINSTEIN  was born on 21 July 1759 in Wurttemberg, Germany and died on 4 April 1834 in Wurttemberg, Germany. 9.  Rebekka OVERNAUER  was born on 22 May 1770 in Buchau, Wurttenberg, Germany and died on 24 Feb 1853 in Germany. Rupert EINSTEIN and Rebekka OBERNAUER were married on 20 Jan 1797 and had the following children:   Ã‚  Ã‚   i. Hirsch EINSTEIN b. 18 Feb 1799 ii. Judith EINSTEIN b. 28 May 1802 iii. Samuel Rupert EINSTEIN b. 12 Feb 1804 iv. Raphael EINSTEIN b. 18 Jun 1806. He was the grandfather of Elsa EINSTEIN, Alberts second wife. 4   v. Abraham EINSTEIN vi. David EINSTEIN b. 11 Aug 1810 10.  Hayum MOOS  was born about 1788 11.  Fanny SCHMAL  was born about 1792. Hayum MOOS and Fanny SCHMAL were married and had the following children: 5 i.   Helene MOOS 12.  Zadok Loeb DOERZBACHER  was born in 1783 in Dorzbach, Wurttemberg, Germany and died 1852 in Jebenhausen, Wurttemberg, Germany. 13.  Blumle SINTHEIMER  was born in 1786 in Jebenhausen, Wurttemberg, Germany and died in 1856 in Jebenhausen, Wurttemberg, Germany. Zadok DOERZBACHER and Blumle SONTHEIMER were married and had the following children: 6 i.   Julius DERZBACHER 14.  Gedalja Chaim BERNHEIMER  was born in 1788 in Jebenhausen, Wurttenberg, Germany and died in 1856 in Jebenhausen, Wurttenberg, Germany. 15.  Elcha WEIL  was born in 1789 in Jebenhausen, Wurttemberg, Germany and died in 1872 in Goppingen, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany. Gedalja BERNHEIMER and Elcha WEIL were married and had the following children: 7 i.   Jette BERNHEIMER Next  Ã‚  Fifth Generation (Great Great Grandparents)    Albert Einstein Family Tree, Generation 4 Fifth Generation (Great Great Grandparents) 16.  Naftali EINSTEIN  was born about 1733 in Buchau, Wà ¼rttemberg, Germany 17.  Helene STEPPACH  was born about 1737 in Steppach, Germany. Naftali EINSTEIN and Helene STEPPACH were married and had the following children: 8   i. Naftali EINSTEIN 18.  Samuel OBERNAUER  was born about 1744 and died 26 Mar 1795. 19.  Judith Mayer HILL  was born about 1748. Samuel OBERNAUER and Judith HILL were married and had the following children: 9   i. Rebekka OBERNAUER 24.  Loeb Samuel DOERZBACHER  was born about 1757. 25.  Golies  was born about 1761. Loeb DOERZBACHER and Golies were married and had the following children:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   i. Samuel Loeb DERZBACHER was born 28 Jan 1781 12 ii. Zadok Loeb DERZBACHER 26.  Leob Moses SONTHEIMER  was born in 1745 in Malsch, Baden, Germany and died in 1831 in Jebenhausen, Wà ¼rttemberg, Germany. 27.  Voegele JUDA  was born in 1737 in Nordstetten, Wurttemberg, Germany and died in 1807 in Jebenhausen, Wà ¼rttemberg, Germany. Loeb Moses SONTHEIMER and Voegele JUDA were married and had the following children: 13   i. Blumle SONTHEIMER 28.  Jakob Simon BERNHEIMER  was born 16 Jan 1756 in Altenstadt, Bayern, Germany and died 16 Aug 1790 in Jebenhausen, Wurttemberg, Germany. 29.  Leah HAJM  was born 17 May 1753 in Buchau, Wà ¼rttemberg, Germany and died 6 Aug 1833 in Jebenhausen, Wà ¼rttemberg, Germany. Jakob Simon BERNHEIMER and Leah HAJM were married and had the following children:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   i. Breinle BERNHEIMER b. 1783 in Jebenhausen, Wà ¼rttemberg, Germany ii. Mayer BERNHEIMER b. 1784 in Jebenhausen, Wà ¼rttemberg, Germany 14 iii. Gedalja BERNHEIMER iv. Abraham BERNHEIMER b. 5 Apr 1789 in Jebenhausen, Wà ¼rttemberg, Germany d. 5 Mar 1881 in Goppingen, Baden-Wà ¼rttemberg, Germany. 30.  Bernard (Beele) WEIL  was born 7 Apr 1750 in Dettensee, Wà ¼rttemberg, Germany and died 14 Mar 1840 in Jebenhausen, Wà ¼rttemberg, Germany. 31.  Roesie KATZ  was born in 1760 and died in 1826 in Jebenhausen, Wà ¼rttemberg, Germany. Bernard WEIL and Roesie KATZ were married and had the following children: 15   i. Elcha WEIL

Describe the history of the Federal Reserve Bank. Include an Essay

Describe the history of the Federal Reserve Bank. Include an explanation of all the tools the Fed uses to contract and expand the economy using money supply and interest rates - Essay Example history of banking in United States suggest that during its nascent stage, Banking runs were common as many banks opened and faltered during small period of time. Based on the increase failures of financial institutions, Congress set up National Monetary Commission to look into it. Commission presented its first monetary reform plan to the Congress in year 1912. This plan recommended the establishment of National Reservations Association which would hold the reserves of commercial banks and could make short-term loans to banks to ensure credit availability. United States Congress responded to the situation by enacting Federal Reserves Act thus creating Federal Reserve System. President Woodrow Wilson endorsed these recommendations and Federal Reserves Act became a law on Dec 23, 1913 and FED was created (Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas). The primary responsibility of FED is to manage the enough money supply and credit to sustain the economic growth of the country by containing inflation. The contraction and expansion of economy is thus achieved with the help of following two economic variables: 1) Money Supply: Expanding or contracting the economy through the money supply is the most frequent method used by FED to exercise its powers to make changes in the economy. Traditionally called Open market operations, these are the activities through which FED either purchase or mope up the excess liquidity from the economic system by issuing securities called T-Bills or Treasury Bills. Similarly when FED wants to expand the economy through money supply, it will purchase the issued T-Bills thus off loading hard currency in the market. This is done primarily for one purpose and that is that through this, FED wants to control the flow of money in the economy. The easy availability to the excess money may create inflation in the economy hence have the potential to impact the real growth in the economy. 2) Interest rates: FED controls the expansion or contraction in the